Examinando por Autor "Rivas, Javier"

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    Height in twentieth‐century Chilean men: growth with divergence
    (Springer-Verlag, 2020) Llorca‐Jaña, Manuel; Navarrete‐Montalvo, Juan; Araya‐Valenzuela, Roberto; Droller, Federico; Allende, Martina; Rivas, Javier
    This article provides the frst series of Chilean adult male height for the whole of the twentieth century. The height of adult males increased by about 5.5 cm during the twentieth century, primarily during the second half of this period. This is the greatest improvement in biological welfare in Chilean history; Chilean males have never been as tall as they are today. Using a sample of around 36,371 individuals, we document the evolution of the average height of Chilean soldiers (male) born from the 1900s to the 1990s. This sample can be safely taken as a good proxy of the average height of Chilean male population for the period under study. We provide an explanation of both the main determinants of physical stature and the rapid increase in height in Chile over this period.
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    Height of Male Prisoners in Santiago de Chile during the Nitrate Era: The Penalty of being Unskilled, Illiterate, Illegitimate and Mapuche
    (MDPI, 2020-08-28) Llorca-Jaña, Manuel; Rivas, Javier; Clarke, Damian; Barría Traverso, Diego
    This article contributes to the study of inequality in the biological welfare of Chile’s adult population during the nitrate era, ca. 1880s–1930s, and in particular focuses on the impact of socioeconomic variables on height, making use of a sample of over 20,000 male inmates of the capital’s main jail. It shows that inmates with a university degree were taller than the rest; that those born legitimate were taller in adulthood; that those (Chilean born) whose surnames were Northern European were also taller than the rest, and in particular than those with Mapuche background; and that those able to read and write were also taller than illiterate inmates. Conditional regression analysis, examining both correlates at the mean and correlates across the height distribution, supports these findings. We show that there was more height inequality in the population according to socioeconomic status and human capital than previously thought, while also confirming the importance of socioeconomic influences during childhood on physical growth.
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    Malnutrition Rates in Chile from the Nitrate Era to the 1990s
    (MDPI, 2021) Llorca-Jaña, Manuel; Barría Traverso, Diego; Del Barrio Vásquez, Diego; Rivas, Javier
    Following Salvatore and the WHO, in this article, we provide the first long-term estimates of malnutrition rates for Chile per birth cohort, measured through stunting rates of adult males born from the 1870s to the 1990s. We used a large sample of military records, representative of the whole Chilean population, totalling over 38 thousand individuals. Our data suggest that stunting rates were very high for those born between the last three decades of the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth century. In addition, stunting rates increased from the 1870s to the 1900s. Thereafter, there was a clear downward trend in stunting rates (despite some fluctuations), reaching low levels of malnutrition, in particular, from the 1960s (although these are high if compared to developed countries). The continuous decrease in stunting rates from the 1910s was mainly due to a combination of factors, the importance of which varied over time, namely: Improved health (i.e., sharp decline in infant mortality rates during the whole period); increased energy consumption (from the 1930s onwards, but most importantly during the 1990s); a decline in poverty rates (in particular, between the 1930s and the 1970s); and a reduction in child labour (although we are less able to quantify this).
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    Mortalidad general e infantil en Chile en el largo plazo, 1909-2017
    (Sociedad Médica De Santiago, 2021) Llorca-Jaña, Manuel; Rivero-Cantillano, Rodrigo; Rivas, Javier; Allende, Martina
    Background: During the twentieth century, Chile experienced an important reduction in general mortality. Aim: To describe both general and infant mortality of Chile from 1909 to 2017. Material and Methods: Analysis of information about births and deaths published by the Chilean National Institute of Statistics for the period between 1909 and 2017. Results: Both general and infant mortality rates declined sharply from the 1930s to the late 1990s. However, during the last few years, general mortality rates increased slightly. This is the first increase in over a century. Another positive aspect is that there was a dramatic decrease in mortality rate gaps across Chilean regions, for both general and infant mortality. However, intraregional inequalities in infant mortality continue to be a detrimental factor. Conclusions: Public health efforts should be carried out to further reduce socioeconomic and regional gaps in adult and infant mortality in Chile.
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    Salary inequality in Chile through a new indicator, 1845-2020
    (Pontificia Universidad Católica De Valparaíso, 2021) Llorca-Jaña, Manuel; Barría Traverso, Diego; Ahumada, Daniel; Poblete, Aldo; Rivas, Javier
    We provide a new indicator of salary inequality for Chile: the ratio of the salary of the Finance Minister compared to that of the lowest paid worker in the Ministry of Finance (1845-2020). The ratio indicates the ideas that the political elite has about its own “worth”, and that of those at the bottom, thus providing a new story about political views on inequality. We found that between 1845 and 1900 this ratio was very high (25-42), declining sharply during the 1900s-1910s, but climbed up to 14-16 between 1910 and 1930. Thereafter there was a new decreasing trend, with the lowest value reached in 1960 (6). Between 1970 and 2000 it moved within the range 9-10, to increase to 13-18 during the last two decades. According to this ratio, the most egalitarian period would be the 1940s-1960s, when a welfare state emerged.