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(Ril editores, 2016) Del Barrio Vásquez, Diego
Taxanes for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (Protocol)
(Cochrane, 2018) Madrid, Eva; Barros Monge, Manuel J; Urrútia, Gerard; Roqué I Figuls, Marta; Pérez Bracchiglione, Javier; Vargas Peirano, Manuel; Loézar Hernández, Cristóbal Nicolás; Bonfill Cosp, Xavier
This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of taxanes as part of a combined or single‐agent therapy versus other agents or best supportive care as first‐ or second‐line treatment for advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A secondary objective is to assess different modes or schemes of administration of taxanes in patients with this disease.
Chaos versus noise as drivers of multistability in neural networks
(Chaos, 2018-10-18) Orio, Patricio; Gatica, Marilyn; Herzog, Rubén; Maidana, Jean Paul; Castro, Samy; Xu, Kesheng
The multistable behavior of neural networks is actively being studied as a landmark of ongoing cerebral activity, reported in both functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and electro- or magnetoencephalography recordings. This consists of a continuous jumping between different partially synchronized states in the absence of external stimuli. It is thought to be an important mechanism for dealing with sensory novelty and to allow for efficient coding of information in an ever-changing surrounding environment. Many advances have been made to understand how network topology, connection delays, and noise can contribute to building this dynamic. Little or no attention, however, has been paid to the difference between local chaotic and stochastic influences on the switching between different network states. Using a conductance-based neural model that can have chaotic dynamics, we showed that a network can show multistable dynamics in a certain range of global connectivity strength and under deterministic conditions. In the present work, we characterize the multistable dynamics when the networks are, in addition to chaotic, subject to ion channel stochasticity in the form of multiplicative (channel) or additive (current) noise. We calculate the Functional Connectivity Dynamics matrix by comparing the Functional Connectivity (FC) matrices that describe the pair-wise phase synchronization in a moving window fashion and performing clustering of FCs. Moderate noise can enhance the multistable behavior that is evoked by chaos, resulting in more heterogeneous synchronization patterns, while more intense noise abolishes multistability. In networks composed of nonchaotic nodes, some noise can induce multistability in an otherwise synchronized, nonchaotic network. Finally, we found the same results regardless of the multiplicative or additive nature of noise.
Characterization of Retinal Functionality at Different Eccentricities in a Diurnal Rodent
(Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 2018-12-03) Escobar, María José; Reyes, César; Herzog, Rubén; Araya, Joaquín; Otero, Mónica; Ibaceta, Cristóbal; Palacios, Adrián G.
Although the properties of the neurons of the visual system that process central and peripheral regions of the visual field have been widely researched in the visual cortex and the LGN, they have scarcely been documented for the retina. The retina is the first step in integrating optical signals, and despite considerable efforts to functionally characterize the different types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), a clear account of the particular functionality of cells with central vs. peripheral fields is still wanting. Here, we use electrophysiological recordings, gathered from retinas of the diurnal rodent Octodon degus, to show that RGCs with peripheral receptive fields (RF) are larger, faster, and have shorter transient responses. This translates into higher sensitivity at high temporal frequencies and a full frequency bandwidth when compared to RGCs with more central RF. We also observed that imbalances between ON and OFF cell populations are preserved with eccentricity. Finally, the high diversity of functional types of RGCs highlights the complexity of the computational strategies implemented in the early stages of visual processing, which could inspire the development of bio-inspired artificial systems.
Pre‐ and postnatal alcohol exposure delays, in female but not in male rats, the extinction of an auditory fear conditioned memory and increases alcohol consumption
(Wiley, 2019) Plaza, Wladimir; Gaschino, Felice; Gutiérrez, Camilo; Santibañez, Nicolás; Estay‐Olmos, Camila; Sotomayor‐Zárate, Ramón; De la Fuente‐Ortega, Erwin; Pautass, Ricardo M.; Haeger, Paola A.
Repeated exposure to alcohol increases retrieval of fear‐conditioned memories, which facilitates, among other factors, the emergence of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Individuals with PTSD are more likely to develop alcohol and substance abuse related disorders. We assessed if prenatal and early postnatal alcohol exposure (PAE) increased the susceptibility to retain aversive memories and if this was associated with subsequent heightened alcohol consumption. Pregnant Sprague‐Dawley rats were exposed for 22 hr/day, throughout pregnancy and until postnatal Day 7 to a single bottle of sucralose ‐ sweetened 10% alcohol solution (PAE Group), or to a single bottle of tap water and sucralose (Control Group). Auditory fear conditioning (AFC) was performed in the adolescent offspring at postnatal Day 40. Freezing was measured during acquisition, retention and extinction phases, followed by 3 weeks of free choice alcohol intake. Female, but not male, PAE rats exhibited impaired extinction of the aversive memory, a finding associated with higher levels of 3‐4 Dihidroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the nucleus accumbens and heightened alcohol intake, respect to controls. These findings suggest that PAE makes females more vulnerable to long‐term retention of aversive memories, which coexist with heightened alcohol intake. These findings are reminiscent of those of PTSD
Development of Fixed Dose Combination Products Workshop Report: Considerations of Gastrointestinal Physiology and Overall Development Strategy
(Springer, 2019) Hens, Bart; Corsetti, Maura; Bermejo, Marival; Löbenberg, Raimar; González, Pablo M.; Mitra, V; Desai, Divyakant; Murthy Chilukuri, Dakshina; Aceituno, Alexis
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is one of the most popular and used routes of drug product administration due to the convenience for better patient compliance and reduced costs to the patient compared to other routes. However, its complex nature poses a great challenge for formulation scientists when developing more complex dosage forms such as those combining two or more drugs. Fixed dose combination (FDC) products are two or more single active ingredients combined in a single dosage form. This formulation strategy represents a novel formulation which is as safe and effective compared to every mono-product separately. A complex drug product, to be dosed through a complex route, requires judicious considerations for formulation development. Additionally, it represents a challenge from a regulatory perspective at the time of demonstrating bioequivalence (BE) for generic versions of such drug products. This report gives the reader a summary of a 2-day short course that took place on the third and fourth of November at the Annual Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) meeting in 2018 at Washington, D.C. This manuscript will offer a comprehensive view of the most influential aspects of the GI physiology on the absorption of drugs and current techniques to help understand the fate of orally ingested drug products in the complex environment represented by the GI tract. Through case studies on FDC product development and regulatory issues, this manuscript will provide a great opportunity for readers to explore avenues for successfully developing FDC products and their generic versions.
Inclusión de salud basada en evidencia en carreras de la salud en Chile y el modelo integrado Metodología de la Investigación Científica-Medicina Basada en Evidencia en la Universidad de Valparaíso
(Elsevier, 2019) Papuzinski, Cristian; Loézar, Cristóbal; Carvajal, Natalia; Vargas, Manuel; Borgeat, Marjorie; Madrid, Eva; Pérez-Bracchiglione, Javier; Arancibia, Marcelo
Introducción: La salud basada en evidencia (SBE) integra el uso de la mejor evidencia, la experiencia clínica y los valores y preferencias del paciente para la toma de decisiones. Su incorporación en las carreras sanitarias de Chile es desconocida. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal para evaluar la incorporación de SBE en los programas de las carreras sanitarias en Chile hasta 2019. Se describe la integración del modelo Metodología de la Investigación Científica (MIC)-Medicina Basada en la Evidencia (MBE) en la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de Valparaíso. Resultados: Un total de 49 universidades imparten carreras sanitarias. Un 8,13% incorpora SBE como asignatura explícitamente. Todas incorporan asignaturas que potencialmente incluyen contenidos de SBE. Las carreras de Medicina y Enfermería son las que más incorporan SBE, pero solo una carrera de Medicina incluye SBE como asignatura por más de un semestre. El modelo integrado MIC/MBE (4 semestres), orientado en competencias y centrado en el alumno, involucra el diseno ̃ y ejecución de un protocolo de investigación, así como el análisis crítico de la mejor evidencia, integrado con los valores de los pacientes. Conclusión: La incorporación de SBE como asignatura es muy infrecuente en carreras sanitarias chilenas. Se enfatiza su inclusión transdisciplinaria como asignatura individual desde un modelo que integre la ensenanza ̃ de MIC, sobre todo en universidades estatales.
A Comparison of the Maximum Entropy Principle Across Biological Spatial Scales
(Entropy, 2019-10-15) Cofré, Rodrigo; Herzog, Rubén; Corcoran, Derek; Rosas, Fernando E.
Despite their differences, biological systems at different spatial scales tend to exhibit common organizational patterns. Unfortunately, these commonalities are often hard to grasp due to the highly specialized nature of modern science and the parcelled terminology employed by various scientific sub-disciplines. To explore these common organizational features, this paper provides a comparative study of diverse applications of the maximum entropy principle, which has found many uses at different biological spatial scales ranging from amino acids up to societies. By presenting these studies under a common approach and language, this paper aims to establish a unified view over these seemingly highly heterogeneous scenarios.
Evidence of climate-driven changes on atmospheric, hydrological, and oceanographic variables along the Chilean coastal zone
(Springer, 2020) Winckler Grez, Patricio; Aguirre, Catalina; Farías, Laura; Contreras-López, Manuel; Masotti, Ítalo
The Chilean coastal zone (CCZ) is subjected to a complex spectrum of anthropogenic, geophysical, biogeochemical, and climate-driven perturbations. Potentially affected variables including atmospheric sea level pressure (Pa), alongshore wind, sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll-a, rainfall, river discharge, relative mean sea level (RMSL), and wave climate are studied using in situ and satellite records, hindcasts, and reanalysis datasets. Linear temporal trends and correlations of anomalies are estimated between 18°S and 55°S along the CCZ. The comparison of some of the variables is achieved by means of a strict homogenization procedure on a monthly basis for 35 years. Our findings show that the poleward drift and strengthening of the Southeast Pacific Subtropical Anticyclone (SPSA) partially explains the increase in Pa and reduction in rainfall and river discharge. The enhancement of alongshore winds, also attributable to changes in the SPSA, increases coastal upwelling, which in turn could reduce SST and increase chlorophyll-a. Despite differential latitudinal responses, increasing wave heights and a southward rotation are evidenced. RMSL does not show significant variation as it is presumably affected by seafloor changes during the seismic cycle. Though some correlations are evidenced, the influence of climate variability at decadal scale (PDO, SAM) may be affecting the detected trends due to the short length of available data. Impacts on coastal communities, infrastructure, and ecosystems are discussed, aiming to highlight that coastal vulnerabilities and risk management should be based on the cumulative impacts of these variables.
The Gaia-ESO survey: 3D NLTE abundances in the open cluster NGC 2420 suggest atomic diffusion and turbulent mixing are at the origin of chemical abundance variations
(European Southern Observatory, 2020)
Context. Atomic diffusion and mixing processes in stellar interiors influence the structure and the surface composition of stars. Some of these processes cannot yet be modelled from the first principles, and they require calibrations. This limits their applicability in stellar models used for studies of stellar populations and Galactic evolution. Aims. Our main goal is to put constraints on the stellar structure and evolution models using new refined measurements of the chemical composition in stars of a Galactic open cluster. Methods. We used medium-resolution, 19 200 ≤ R ≤ 21 500, optical spectra of stars in the open cluster NGC 2420 obtained within the Gaia-ESO survey. The sample covers all evolutionary stages from the main sequence to the red giant branch. Stellar parameters were derived using a combined Bayesian analysis of spectra, 2MASS photometry, and astrometric data from Gaia DR2. The abundances of Mg, Ca, Fe, and Li were determined from non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) synthetic spectra, which were computed using one-dimensional (1D) and averaged three-dimensional (3D) model atmospheres. We compare our results with a grid of Code d’Evolution Stellaire Adaptatif et Modulaire (CESTAM) stellar evolution models, which include atomic diffusion, turbulent, and rotational mixing. Results. We find prominent evolutionary trends in the abundances of Fe, Ca, Mg, and Li with the mass of the stars in the cluster. Furthermore, Fe, Mg, and Ca show a depletion at the cluster turn-off, but the abundances gradually increase and flatten near the base of the red giant branch. The abundance trend for Li displays a signature of rotational mixing on the main sequence and abrupt depletion on the sub-giant branch, which is caused by advection of Li-poor material to the surface. The analysis of abundances combined with the CESTAM model predictions allows us to place limits on the parameter space of the models and to constrain the zone in the stellar interior, where turbulent mixing takes place.
Tribulaciones éticas del COVID-19: lo sobrecogedor siniestro, la responsabilidad existencial y Medice, Cura Te Ipsum
(Sociedad Médica De Santiago, 2020) Figueroa, Gustavo
The COVID-19 pandemic revealed the vulnerability of the human being in their existential and medical fields. A feeling of uncertainty of an overwhelming and ominous nature indicates that dying is inherent for the human condition, a feeling that is daily hidden behind the mask of a casual, unexpected, random event. The possibility of dying from the viral disease revealed that the essence of man as being-in-the-world is ethical or self-assumption and is expressed through an original rather than a moral conscience, which calls for authenticity, to listen to its nihility as being-referred-to-death. The medical ethical principles based on rights and duties need to be perfected by the ethics of virtues in accordance with the current challenges, requiring a transformation of the moral self of the doctor. A moral failure of duty is inevitable for medicine, it will never reach its final realization.
SCUBA-2 overdensities associated with candidate protoclusters selected from Planck data
(Royal Astronomical Society, 2020) Ibar, Eduardo
We measure the 850-μm source densities of 46 candidate protoclusters selected from the Planck High-z catalogue (PHz) and the Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources (PCCS) that were followed up with Herschel -SPIRE and SCUBA-2. This paper aims to search for overdensities of 850-μm sources in order to select the fields that are most likely to be genuine protoclusters. Of the 46 candidate protoclusters, 25 have significant overdensities (>5 times the field counts), 11 have intermediate overdensities (3–5 times the field counts) and 10 have no overdensity (<3 times the field counts) of 850-μm sources. We find that the enhanced number densities are unlikely to be the result of sample variance. Compared with the number counts of another sample selected from Planck’s compact source catalogues, this [PHz+PCCS]-selected sample has a higher fraction of candidate protoclusters with significant overdensities, though both samples show overdensities of 850-μm sources above intermediate level. Based on the estimated star-formation rate densities (SFRDs), we suggest that both samples can efficiently select protoclusters with starbursting galaxies near the redshift at which the global field SFRD peaks (2 < z < 3). Based on the confirmation of overdensities found here, future follow-up observations on other PHz targets may greatly increase the number of genuine DSFG-rich clusters/protoclusters.
The lithium-rotation connection in the newly discovered young stellar stream Psc-Eri (Meingast 1)
(European Southern Observatory, 2020) Bayo, Amelia; Arancibia Silva
Context. As a fragile element, lithium is a sensitive probe of physical processes occurring in stellar interiors. Aims. We aim to investigate the relationship between lithium abundance and rotation rate in low-mass members of the newly discovered 125 Myr-old Psc–Eri stellar stream. Methods. We obtained high-resolution optical spectra and measured the equivalent width of the 607.8 nm LiI line for 40 members of the Psc–Eri stream, whose rotational periods have been previously derived. Results. We show that a tight correlation exists between the lithium content and rotation rate among the late-G to early-K-type stars of the Psc–Eri stream. Fast rotators are systematically Li rich, while slow rotators are Li depleted. This trend mimics that previously reported for the similar age Pleiades cluster. Conclusions. The lithium-rotation connection thus seems to be universal over a restricted effective temperature range for low-mass stars at or close to the zero-age main sequence, and does not depend on environmental conditions.
Valorization of Globe Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) Agro-Industrial Discards, Obtaining an Extract with a Selective Effect on Viability of Cancer Cell Lines
(MDPI, 2020) Weinstein, Caroline
Globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is considered one of the most significant sources of phenolic antioxidants in nature. However, more than 60% of its total volume is discarded for consumption purposes, making available an abundant, inexpensive and profitable source of natural antioxidants in the discarded fractions. Polyphenolic antioxidants from a South American variety of artichoke agro-industrial discards (external bracts and stems) were obtained by mild extraction processes. Best results were achieved at 40 °C, 75% of ethanol and 10 min of reaction, obtaining 2.16 g gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and 55,472.34 µmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/100 g of antioxidant capacity (oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses determined that caffeoylquinic acids comprise up to 85% of the total polyphenolic content, and only around 5% are flavonoids. Inulin content in the artichokes residues was recovered (48.4% dry weight (dw)), resulting in an extract with 28% of inulin in addition to the aforementioned antioxidant capacity. The artichoke discard extract in a concentration of 500 mg/L produced a strong decrease in Caco-2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines viability, whereas healthy fibroblasts maintained their viability when the extract was concentrated at 1500 mg/L. These results suggest that the artichoke extract presents a good anti-proliferative potential effect on Caco-2 and MCF-7 cells.
TDCOSMO
(European Southern Observatory, 2020) Motta, Verónica
Time-delay cosmography of lensed quasars has achieved 2.4% precision on the measurement of the Hubble constant, H0. As part of an ongoing effort to uncover and control systematic uncertainties, we investigate three potential sources: 1- stellar kinematics, 2- line-of-sight effects, and 3- the deflector mass model. To meet this goal in a quantitative way, we reproduced the H0LiCOW/SHARP/STRIDES (hereafter TDCOSMO) procedures on a set of real and simulated data, and we find the following. First, stellar kinematics cannot be a dominant source of error or bias since we find that a systematic change of 10% of measured velocity dispersion leads to only a 0.7% shift on H0 from the seven lenses analyzed by TDCOSMO. Second, we find no bias to arise from incorrect estimation of the line-of-sight effects. Third, we show that elliptical composite (stars + dark matter halo), power-law, and cored power-law mass profiles have the flexibility to yield a broad range in H0 values. However, the TDCOSMO procedures that model the data with both composite and power-law mass profiles are informative. If the models agree, as we observe in real systems owing to the “bulge-halo” conspiracy, H0 is recovered precisely and accurately by both models. If the two models disagree, as in the case of some pathological models illustrated here, the TDCOSMO procedure either discriminates between them through the goodness of fit, or it accounts for the discrepancy in the final error bars provided by the analysis. This conclusion is consistent with a reanalysis of six of the TDCOSMO (real) lenses: the composite model yields H0 = 74.0−1.8+1.7 km s−1 Mpc−1, while the power-law model yields 74.2−1.6+1.6 km s−1 Mpc−1. In conclusion, we find no evidence of bias or errors larger than the current statistical uncertainties reported by TDCOSMO.
Lo educativo en tiempos trans-modernos: aportes para la construcción de un pensamiento educativo situado
(Universidad del Zulia, 2020) Toro Arévalo, Sergio; Peña Troncoso, Sebastián; Vega Ramírez, Javier; Moreno Doña, Alberto
El presente trabajo aborda dos aspectos fundamentales en el contexto del pensamiento educativo contemporáneo. Por una parte, se adentra en caracterizar lo educativo desde el contexto latinoamericano social, teórico e histórico, describiendo los componentes configurativos de dicho proceso a partir de Freire, Maturana, Dussel e Ilich y, por otra parte, desarrollar una síntesis de las propuestas de frontera de las ciencias de la cognición a través de una base comprensiva y activa de orientación educativa situada en el contexto de la ecología de saberes y el mosaico cultural singular de América del Sur. La base metodológica es fundamentalmente hermenéutica y epistemológica-política. El resultado es un aporte a la discusión educativa revelando, desde lo situado, los procesos de transformación educativa, tanto a nivel personal como comunitario.
Study of the Nucleation and Growth Mechanisms of Copper Electrodeposition on Bare and Nitrogen-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified SnO2:F/glass Substrates
(The Electrochemical Society, 2020) Riveros, G.; León, M.; Ramírez, D.; Hernández, L.; Martín, F.; Romero, R.; Dalchiele, Enrique A.
In this article, the influence of a nitrogen-doped electrochemically reduced graphene oxide layer on the nucleation and growth mechanisms of copper electrodeposition was studied. Thus, copper electrodeposition from an acidic solution was evaluated using two different substrates: fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), and fluorine-doped tin oxide covered with a nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide layer (FTO/N-ERGO). In both cases, chronoamperometric curves were obtained, which were analyzed and deconvoluted using pre-established models and equations, where the different contribution and nucleation parameters were determined. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images were acquired in order to observe the morphology and verify the nuclei density for each case considered in this study. In the case of copper electrodeposition onto FTO, an instantaneous three-dimensional nucleation was observed, together with a proton reduction reaction. When FTO/N-ERGO was used as a substrate, a new instantaneous two-dimensional nucleation process was observed in addition to the processes previously described. Furthermore, the increased density of active sites and the changes in copper morphology are directly related with the N-ERGO layer, which also increased the kinetic constant for the proton reduction reaction and the nucleation rate per active site during the copper electrodeposition process.
Managing slow-moving item: a zero- inflated truncated normal approach for modeling demand
(PeerJ Publishing, 2020) Rojas, Fernando; Wanke, Peter; Coluccio, Giuliani; Vega-Vargas, Juan; Huerta-Canepa, Gonzalo F.
This paper proposes a slow-moving management method for a system using of intermittent demand per unit time and lead time demand of items in service enterprise inventory models. Our method uses zero-inflated truncated normal statistical distribution, which makes it possible to model intermittent demand per unit time using mixed statistical distribution. We conducted numerical experiments based on an algorithm used to forecast intermittent demand over fixed lead time to show that our proposed distributions improved the performance of the continuous review inventory model with shortages.Weevaluated multi-criteria elements (total cost, fill-rate, shortage of quantity per cycle, and the adequacy of the statistical distribution of the lead time demand) for decision analysis using the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). We confirmed that our method improved the performance of the inventory model in comparison to other commonly used approaches such as simple exponential smoothing and Croston's method. We found an interesting association between the intermittency of demand per unit of time, the square root of this same parameter and reorder point decisions, that could be explained using classical multiple linear regression model. We confirmed that the parameter of variability of the zeroinflated truncated normal statistical distribution used to model intermittent demand was positively related to the decision of reorder points. Our study examined a decision analysis using illustrative example. Our suggested approach is original, valuable, and, in the case of slow-moving item management for service companies, allows for the verification of decision-making using multiple criteria.
Effect of the Incorporation of Ni in the Adsorption Capacity of Paracetamol (N-Acetyl-P-Aminophenol) on MIL-101(Cr).
(Springer Nature, 2020) Ojeda, Juan
The effect of nickel in the adsorption of Nacetyl-p-aminophenol (paracetamol) on a metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) type MIL-101(Cr) was studied. The incorporation of Ni to MOFs adsorbent was carried out by impregnation and adjusted to give a 4.00 wt.% Ni. The adsorbents were characterized by specific surface area (SSA), surface acidity techniques, electrophoretic migration (EM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and were tested by the adsorption of paracetamol solutions. The results showed that the Ni particles were well dispersed throughout the MIL-101(Cr) crystal increasing the acid strength and the density of acid site values in the MOFs surface. The increase in adsorption capacity of MIL-101(Cr) when Ni was incorporated can be attributed to the availability of metal atoms as adsorption centers that can adsorb the paracetamol by electronic retro-donation through π-type complexing.
Chile’s national electricity company (ENDESA): a successful case of state-led national electrification, c. 1936-1981
(Universitat de Barcelona, 2020) Nazer, Juan Ricardo; Llorca-Jaña, Manuel
his article provides a detailed account of the electrification of a backward economy; how Chile developed from consuming less than 130 kWh per inhabitant, with an electricity matrix dominated by thermal power plants, and little involvement from the public sector, to consuming over 800 kWh per person, largely because of hydropower stations, which greatly improved the living standards of the population. This change was mainly attributable to the design and implementation of an ambitious National Electrification Plan, implemented by the state from the 1940s to the 1970s, which relied heavily on capital investments. This national accomplishment was not down to private enterprise; it was directly orchestrated and executed by a public sector company, ENDESA, although relying heavily on foreign loans. The article explains what made this success possible: qualified workers, generous financing by external institutions, the availability of rich water resources, and a lack of environmental concerns.

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