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Ítem Finanzas Públicas(Ril editores, 2016) Del Barrio Vásquez, DiegoÍtem Taxanes for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (Protocol)(Cochrane, 2018) Madrid, Eva; Barros Monge, Manuel J; Urrútia, Gerard; Roqué I Figuls, Marta; Pérez Bracchiglione, Javier; Vargas Peirano, Manuel; Loézar Hernández, Cristóbal Nicolás; Bonfill Cosp, XavierThis is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of taxanes as part of a combined or single‐agent therapy versus other agents or best supportive care as first‐ or second‐line treatment for advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A secondary objective is to assess different modes or schemes of administration of taxanes in patients with this disease.Ítem Chaos versus noise as drivers of multistability in neural networks(Chaos, 2018-10-18) Orio, Patricio; Gatica, Marilyn; Herzog, Rubén; Maidana, Jean Paul; Castro, Samy; Xu, KeshengThe multistable behavior of neural networks is actively being studied as a landmark of ongoing cerebral activity, reported in both functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and electro- or magnetoencephalography recordings. This consists of a continuous jumping between different partially synchronized states in the absence of external stimuli. It is thought to be an important mechanism for dealing with sensory novelty and to allow for efficient coding of information in an ever-changing surrounding environment. Many advances have been made to understand how network topology, connection delays, and noise can contribute to building this dynamic. Little or no attention, however, has been paid to the difference between local chaotic and stochastic influences on the switching between different network states. Using a conductance-based neural model that can have chaotic dynamics, we showed that a network can show multistable dynamics in a certain range of global connectivity strength and under deterministic conditions. In the present work, we characterize the multistable dynamics when the networks are, in addition to chaotic, subject to ion channel stochasticity in the form of multiplicative (channel) or additive (current) noise. We calculate the Functional Connectivity Dynamics matrix by comparing the Functional Connectivity (FC) matrices that describe the pair-wise phase synchronization in a moving window fashion and performing clustering of FCs. Moderate noise can enhance the multistable behavior that is evoked by chaos, resulting in more heterogeneous synchronization patterns, while more intense noise abolishes multistability. In networks composed of nonchaotic nodes, some noise can induce multistability in an otherwise synchronized, nonchaotic network. Finally, we found the same results regardless of the multiplicative or additive nature of noise.Ítem Characterization of Retinal Functionality at Different Eccentricities in a Diurnal Rodent(Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 2018-12-03) Escobar, María José; Reyes, César; Herzog, Rubén; Araya, Joaquín; Otero, Mónica; Ibaceta, Cristóbal; Palacios, Adrián G.Although the properties of the neurons of the visual system that process central and peripheral regions of the visual field have been widely researched in the visual cortex and the LGN, they have scarcely been documented for the retina. The retina is the first step in integrating optical signals, and despite considerable efforts to functionally characterize the different types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), a clear account of the particular functionality of cells with central vs. peripheral fields is still wanting. Here, we use electrophysiological recordings, gathered from retinas of the diurnal rodent Octodon degus, to show that RGCs with peripheral receptive fields (RF) are larger, faster, and have shorter transient responses. This translates into higher sensitivity at high temporal frequencies and a full frequency bandwidth when compared to RGCs with more central RF. We also observed that imbalances between ON and OFF cell populations are preserved with eccentricity. Finally, the high diversity of functional types of RGCs highlights the complexity of the computational strategies implemented in the early stages of visual processing, which could inspire the development of bio-inspired artificial systems.Ítem Pre‐ and postnatal alcohol exposure delays, in female but not in male rats, the extinction of an auditory fear conditioned memory and increases alcohol consumption(Wiley, 2019) Plaza, Wladimir; Gaschino, Felice; Gutiérrez, Camilo; Santibañez, Nicolás; Estay‐Olmos, Camila; Sotomayor‐Zárate, Ramón; De la Fuente‐Ortega, Erwin; Pautass, Ricardo M.; Haeger, Paola A.Repeated exposure to alcohol increases retrieval of fear‐conditioned memories, which facilitates, among other factors, the emergence of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Individuals with PTSD are more likely to develop alcohol and substance abuse related disorders. We assessed if prenatal and early postnatal alcohol exposure (PAE) increased the susceptibility to retain aversive memories and if this was associated with subsequent heightened alcohol consumption. Pregnant Sprague‐Dawley rats were exposed for 22 hr/day, throughout pregnancy and until postnatal Day 7 to a single bottle of sucralose ‐ sweetened 10% alcohol solution (PAE Group), or to a single bottle of tap water and sucralose (Control Group). Auditory fear conditioning (AFC) was performed in the adolescent offspring at postnatal Day 40. Freezing was measured during acquisition, retention and extinction phases, followed by 3 weeks of free choice alcohol intake. Female, but not male, PAE rats exhibited impaired extinction of the aversive memory, a finding associated with higher levels of 3‐4 Dihidroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the nucleus accumbens and heightened alcohol intake, respect to controls. These findings suggest that PAE makes females more vulnerable to long‐term retention of aversive memories, which coexist with heightened alcohol intake. These findings are reminiscent of those of PTSDÍtem Development of Fixed Dose Combination Products Workshop Report: Considerations of Gastrointestinal Physiology and Overall Development Strategy(Springer, 2019) Hens, Bart; Corsetti, Maura; Bermejo, Marival; Löbenberg, Raimar; González, Pablo M.; Mitra, V; Desai, Divyakant; Murthy Chilukuri, Dakshina; Aceituno, AlexisThe gastrointestinal (GI) tract is one of the most popular and used routes of drug product administration due to the convenience for better patient compliance and reduced costs to the patient compared to other routes. However, its complex nature poses a great challenge for formulation scientists when developing more complex dosage forms such as those combining two or more drugs. Fixed dose combination (FDC) products are two or more single active ingredients combined in a single dosage form. This formulation strategy represents a novel formulation which is as safe and effective compared to every mono-product separately. A complex drug product, to be dosed through a complex route, requires judicious considerations for formulation development. Additionally, it represents a challenge from a regulatory perspective at the time of demonstrating bioequivalence (BE) for generic versions of such drug products. This report gives the reader a summary of a 2-day short course that took place on the third and fourth of November at the Annual Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) meeting in 2018 at Washington, D.C. This manuscript will offer a comprehensive view of the most influential aspects of the GI physiology on the absorption of drugs and current techniques to help understand the fate of orally ingested drug products in the complex environment represented by the GI tract. Through case studies on FDC product development and regulatory issues, this manuscript will provide a great opportunity for readers to explore avenues for successfully developing FDC products and their generic versions.Ítem Inclusión de salud basada en evidencia en carreras de la salud en Chile y el modelo integrado Metodología de la Investigación Científica-Medicina Basada en Evidencia en la Universidad de Valparaíso(Elsevier, 2019) Papuzinski, Cristian; Loézar, Cristóbal; Carvajal, Natalia; Vargas, Manuel; Borgeat, Marjorie; Madrid, Eva; Pérez-Bracchiglione, Javier; Arancibia, MarceloIntroducción: La salud basada en evidencia (SBE) integra el uso de la mejor evidencia, la experiencia clínica y los valores y preferencias del paciente para la toma de decisiones. Su incorporación en las carreras sanitarias de Chile es desconocida. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal para evaluar la incorporación de SBE en los programas de las carreras sanitarias en Chile hasta 2019. Se describe la integración del modelo Metodología de la Investigación Científica (MIC)-Medicina Basada en la Evidencia (MBE) en la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de Valparaíso. Resultados: Un total de 49 universidades imparten carreras sanitarias. Un 8,13% incorpora SBE como asignatura explícitamente. Todas incorporan asignaturas que potencialmente incluyen contenidos de SBE. Las carreras de Medicina y Enfermería son las que más incorporan SBE, pero solo una carrera de Medicina incluye SBE como asignatura por más de un semestre. El modelo integrado MIC/MBE (4 semestres), orientado en competencias y centrado en el alumno, involucra el diseno ̃ y ejecución de un protocolo de investigación, así como el análisis crítico de la mejor evidencia, integrado con los valores de los pacientes. Conclusión: La incorporación de SBE como asignatura es muy infrecuente en carreras sanitarias chilenas. Se enfatiza su inclusión transdisciplinaria como asignatura individual desde un modelo que integre la ensenanza ̃ de MIC, sobre todo en universidades estatales.Ítem A Comparison of the Maximum Entropy Principle Across Biological Spatial Scales(Entropy, 2019-10-15) Cofré, Rodrigo; Herzog, Rubén; Corcoran, Derek; Rosas, Fernando E.Despite their differences, biological systems at different spatial scales tend to exhibit common organizational patterns. Unfortunately, these commonalities are often hard to grasp due to the highly specialized nature of modern science and the parcelled terminology employed by various scientific sub-disciplines. To explore these common organizational features, this paper provides a comparative study of diverse applications of the maximum entropy principle, which has found many uses at different biological spatial scales ranging from amino acids up to societies. By presenting these studies under a common approach and language, this paper aims to establish a unified view over these seemingly highly heterogeneous scenarios.Ítem Formación inicial de maestros de educación física: conectando un quehacer pedagógico decolonial con la intervención social, política e insurgente del espacio público(Federación Española de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educación Física (FEADEF), 2020) Moreno Doña, Alberto; Toro Arévalo, Sergio; Gómez Gonzalvo, FernandoNo existe un único enfoque adecuado para establecer los criterios que han de definir la formación inicial de maestros(as). Ello debido a que cada orientación responde a unos intereses que se legitiman y a otros que se niegan. Existe una tendencia, cada vez mayor, a construir y normalizar un conocimiento técnico entre el alumnado universitario de los grados de magisterio. Siempre desde una lógica epistemológica eurocéntrica que se fundamenta en algunas evidencias científico-pedagógicas. Muchas regiones del planeta están adoptando este tipo de perspectivas como propias y, al mismo tiempo, negando otras formas de habitar la escuela y otros conocimientos que no poseen una base científica europea. De esta forma, se deslegitiman propuestas pedagógicas realizadas desde los márgenes, puesto que la lógica colonial europea deshumaniza a las personas que habitan estos espacios debido a las relaciones de poder existentes en el eje Norte-Sur. Por esto se reflexiona y analiza una lógica decolonial de la pedagogía de educación física que centre sus acciones en el buen vivir, en la exploración de la vida en sintonía con lo natural, en la reciprocidad con los otros seres vivos y en la transformación de los límites espaciotemporales de la formación de maestros(as) a través de la acción colectiva y desde un posicionamiento ético y político basado en la autogestión. Es por esto por lo que proponemos una práctica educativa transgresora de las normas educativas imperantes y que transita hacia un devenir educativo basado en los aprendizajes encarnados, situados y contextualizados para la formación de los futuros maestros(as) de educación física.Ítem Vulnerability of a top marine predator to coastal storms: a relationship between hydrodynamic drivers and stranding rates of newborn pinnipeds(Springer Nature, 2020) Sepúlveda, M.; Quiñones, R. A.; Esparza, C.; Carrasco, P.; Winckler Grez, PatricioCoastal storms have increased in recent decades, affecting many species, including the South American sea lion (Otaria byronia). Reports of stranded sea lion pups are becoming common in Chile, presumably due to the increase in the frequency and intensity of coastal storms. To validate this assumption, a 10-year database was built by coupling wave generation and coastal propagation models to correlate pure wave parameters (significant wave height Hs, peak period Tp, normalized wave power Hs2 Tp) and wave parameters including the tidal level (maximum surface elevation η, modified wave power η2 Tp) with records of stranded pups in Cobquecura, the largest breeding colony in central Chile. The correlation between the number of pups stranded per day and wave parameters in the first half of January and the last half of February is poor, while they are stronger for the second half of January and the first half of February. The higher number of stranded pups coincide with coastal storms with normalized wave power values exceeding a threshold of 100 m2/ s. Conversely, below this threshold there is wide dispersion between the number of strandings and wave parameters. Identifying wave parameter thresholds could be used to predict when newborn pups will be most affected by coastal storms, and thus help institutions to develop remediation techniques for animals at risk.Ítem Evidencia científica sobre cuidados de Enfermería y COVID-19(Ecimed, 2020) Guerrero-Nancuante, Camilo; Armstrong-Barea, Lucy; González-Adonis1, FranciscaIntroducción: COVID-19 ha generado efectos negativos en gran parte del mundo. Su rápida propagación produjo la necesidad de investigar respecto a los cuidados de enfermería otorgados a las comunidades en el contexto de pandemia de SARS CoV2. Objetivo: analizar la evidencia científica disponible respecto a cuidados de enfermería y COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de alcance mediante el marco metodológico de PRISMA-ScR, en bases de datos científicas EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science y otras fuentes de consulta para articulo publicados en inglés entre 1 de diciembre 2019 al 27 de junio 2020. Se analizó fecha de publicación, país de origen y género del primer autor, tipo de artículo y dimensión o tópico de la investigación. Se incluyeron en total 205 artículos. Conclusiones: El 55,61% correspondió a investigaciones realizadas por mujeres como primera autora; el 37,56% de los estudios analizados fueron desarrollados en Estados Unidos. El 68,78% de los manuscritos corresponden a editoriales, comentarios/reflexiones, revisiones e investigaciones primarias. El 63,91% de las publicaciones se relacionaron a tópicos de prácticas de enfermería, rol profesional, salud mental y adultez mayor. Existen baja diversificación temática de los estudios asociados a cuidados de enfermería y COVID-19, como también investigaciones que permitan evaluar las intervenciones disciplinares en el actual contexto. Urge mayor participación femenina en los estudios en dicho ámbito, además de proyectar investigaciones en otras poblaciones vulnerables.Ítem Thermodynamic Formalism in Neuronal Dynamics and Spike Train Statistics(MDPI, 2020) Cofré, RodrigoThe Thermodynamic Formalism provides a rigorous mathematical framework for studying quantitative and qualitative aspects of dynamical systems. At its core, there is a variational principle that corresponds, in its simplest form, to the Maximum Entropy principle. It is used as a statistical inference procedure to represent, by specific probability measures (Gibbs measures), the collective behaviour of complex systems. This framework has found applications in different domains of science. In particular, it has been fruitful and influential in neurosciences. In this article, we review how the Thermodynamic Formalism can be exploited in the field of theoretical neuroscience, as a conceptual and operational tool, in order to link the dynamics of interacting neurons and the statistics of action potentials from either experimental data or mathematical models. We comment on perspectives and open problems in theoretical neuroscience that could be addressed within this formalismÍtem Managing slow-moving item: a zero- inflated truncated normal approach for modeling demand(PeerJ Publishing, 2020) Rojas, Fernando; Wanke, Peter; Coluccio, Giuliani; Vega-Vargas, Juan; Huerta-Canepa, Gonzalo F.This paper proposes a slow-moving management method for a system using of intermittent demand per unit time and lead time demand of items in service enterprise inventory models. Our method uses zero-inflated truncated normal statistical distribution, which makes it possible to model intermittent demand per unit time using mixed statistical distribution. We conducted numerical experiments based on an algorithm used to forecast intermittent demand over fixed lead time to show that our proposed distributions improved the performance of the continuous review inventory model with shortages.Weevaluated multi-criteria elements (total cost, fill-rate, shortage of quantity per cycle, and the adequacy of the statistical distribution of the lead time demand) for decision analysis using the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). We confirmed that our method improved the performance of the inventory model in comparison to other commonly used approaches such as simple exponential smoothing and Croston's method. We found an interesting association between the intermittency of demand per unit of time, the square root of this same parameter and reorder point decisions, that could be explained using classical multiple linear regression model. We confirmed that the parameter of variability of the zeroinflated truncated normal statistical distribution used to model intermittent demand was positively related to the decision of reorder points. Our study examined a decision analysis using illustrative example. Our suggested approach is original, valuable, and, in the case of slow-moving item management for service companies, allows for the verification of decision-making using multiple criteria.Ítem The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Survey strategy, observations, and sample properties of 118 star-forming galaxies at 4(European Southern Observatory, 2020) Ibar, Eduardo; Mendez Hernandez, HugoThe ALMA-ALPINE [CII] survey is aimed at characterizing the properties of a sample of normal star-forming galaxies (SFGs). The ALMA Large Program to INvestigate (ALPINE) features 118 galaxies observed in the [CII]-158μm line and far infrared (FIR) continuum emission during the period of rapid mass assembly, right after the end of the HI reionization, at redshifts of 45). Based on a visual inspection of the [CII] data cubes together with the large wealth of ancillary data, we find a surprisingly wide range of galaxy types, including 40% that are mergers, 20% extended and dispersion-dominated, 13% compact, and 11% rotating discs, with the remaining 16% too faint to be classified. This diversity indicates that a wide array of physical processes must be at work at this epoch, first and foremost, those of galaxy mergers. This paper sets a reference sample for the gas distribution in normal SFGs at 4Ítem Individual Estimates of the Virial Factor in 10 Quasars: Implications on the Kinematics of the Broad-line Region(The American Astronomical Society, 2020)Assuming a gravitational origin for the Fe iiiλλ2039-2113 redshift and using microlensing based estimates of the size of the region emitting this feature, we obtain individual measurements of the virial factor, f, in 10 quasars. The average values for the Balmer lines, $\langle {f}_{{\rm{H}}\beta }\rangle =0.43\pm 0.20$ and $\langle {f}_{{\rm{H}}\alpha }\rangle =0.50\pm 0.24$, are in good agreement with the results of previous studies for objects with lines of comparable widths. In the case of Mg ii, consistent results, ${f}_{\mathrm{Mg}{\rm{II}}}\sim 0.44$, can be also obtained accepting a reasonable scaling for the size of the emitting region. The modeling of the cumulative histograms of individual measurements, CDF(f), indicates a relatively high value for the ratio between isotropic and cylindrical motions, $a\sim 0.4\mbox{--}0.7$. On the contrary, we find very large values of the virial factor associated to the Fe iiiλλ2039-2113 blend, ${f}_{\mathrm{Fe}{\rm{III}}}=14.3\pm 2.4$, which can be explained if this feature arises from a flattened nearly face-on structure, similar to the accretion disk.Ítem NaCo polarimetric observations of Sz 91 transitional disc: a remarkable case of dust filtering(Royal Astronomical Society, 2020) Mauco, Karina; Olofsson, Johan; Schreiber, Matthias R.; Bayo, Amelia; Cáceres, Claudio; Montesinos, MatíasWe present polarized light observations of the transitional disc around Sz 91 acquired with VLT/NaCo at H (1.7μm) and Ks (2.2μm) bands. We resolve the disc and detect polarized emission up to ∼0.5 arcsec (∼80 au) along with a central cavity at both bands. We computed a radiative transfermodel that accounts for themain characteristics of the polarized observations. We found that the emission is best explained by small, porous grains distributed in a disc with a ∼45 au cavity. Previous ALMA observations have revealed a large sub-mm cavity (∼83 au) and extended gas emission from the innermost (<16 au) regions up to almost 400 au from the star. Dynamical clearing by multiple low-mass planets arises as the most probable mechanism for the origin of Sz 91’s peculiar structure. Using new L -band ADI observations, we can rule out companions more massive than Mp ≥ 8 MJup beyond 45 au assuming hot-start models. The disc is clearly asymmetric in polarized light along the minor axis, with the north side brighter than the south side. Differences in position angle between the disc observed at sub-mm wavelengths with ALMA and our NaCo observations were found. This suggests that the disc around Sz 91 could be highly structured. Higher signal-to-noise near-IR and sub-mm observations are needed to confirm the existence of such structures and to improve the current understanding of the origin of transitional discs.Ítem Valparaíso: memoria del mercado y encuadramiento de la identidad (la patrimonialización como modernización liberal)(Ediciones mis raíces, 2020) Aravena Núñez, PabloÍtem Height in twentieth‐century Chilean men: growth with divergence(Springer-Verlag, 2020) Llorca‐Jaña, Manuel; Navarrete‐Montalvo, Juan; Araya‐Valenzuela, Roberto; Droller, Federico; Allende, Martina; Rivas, JavierThis article provides the frst series of Chilean adult male height for the whole of the twentieth century. The height of adult males increased by about 5.5 cm during the twentieth century, primarily during the second half of this period. This is the greatest improvement in biological welfare in Chilean history; Chilean males have never been as tall as they are today. Using a sample of around 36,371 individuals, we document the evolution of the average height of Chilean soldiers (male) born from the 1900s to the 1990s. This sample can be safely taken as a good proxy of the average height of Chilean male population for the period under study. We provide an explanation of both the main determinants of physical stature and the rapid increase in height in Chile over this period.Ítem Exocomets: A spectroscopic survey(European Southern Observatory, 2020) Bayo, Amelia; Iglesias, Daniela PazContext. While exoplanets are now routinely detected, the detection of small bodies in extrasolar systems remains challenging. Since the discovery of sporadic events interpreted as exocomets (Falling Evaporating Bodies) around Pic in the early 80s, only 20 stars have been reported to host exocomet-like events. Aims. We aim to expand the sample of known exocomet-host stars, as well as to monitor the hot-gas environment around stars with previously known exocometary activity. Methods. We have obtained high-resolution optical spectra of a heterogeneous sample of 117 main-sequence stars in the spectral type range from B8 to G8. The data have been collected in 14 observing campaigns expanding over 2 years from both hemispheres. We have analysed the Ca ii K&H and Na i D lines in order to search for non-photospheric absorptions originated in the circumstellar environment, and for variable events that could be caused by outgassing of exocomet-like bodies. Results. We have detected non-photospheric absorptions towards 50% of the sample, attributing a circumstellar origin to half of the detections (i.e. 26% of the sample). Hot circumstellar gas is detected in the metallic lines inspected via narrow stable absorptions, and/or variable blue-/red-shifted absorption events. Such variable events were found in 18 stars in the Ca ii and/or Na i lines; 6 of them are reported in the context of this work for the first time. In some cases the variations we report in the Ca ii K line are similar to those observed in Pic. While we do not find a significant trend with the age or location of the stars, we do find that the probability of finding CS gas in stars with larger v sin i is higher. We also find a weak trend with the presence of near-infrared excess, and with anomalous ( Boo-like) abundances, but this would require confirmation by expanding the sample.Ítem KPSI como herramienta de autoevaluación metacognitiva en el desarrollo de la competencia intercultural en salud en medicina(Universidad de Tarapacá. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, 2020) Guerra-Zúñiga, María; Segovia-Chamorro, JaimeLa autoevaluación es necesaria para el aprendizaje efectivo, mejorar la autoeficacia, y el desempeño académico. Dentro de los instrumentos de autoevaluación existe el Knowledge and Prior Study Inventory (KPSI) con cualidades metacognitivas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue examinar los resultados de la aplicación de KPSI en un curso de Interculturalidad y Salud y recoger la percepción de estudiantes respecto a su uso en medicina. Este fue un trabajo de naturaleza mixta. La etapa cuantitativa evaluó los puntajes del instrumento autoaplicado al inicio y al final de la asignatura, arrojando el delta promedio del curso. La etapa cualitativa exploró las percepciones del uso y utilidad en el aprendizaje del instrumento. Se realizaron dos grupos focales, se transcribieron los audios siguiendo el principio de verbatim. Se realizó análisis de contenido. La participación voluntaria y anónima. El puntaje promedio del test al inicio del curso fue de 1,7 puntos elevándose a 3,6 durante la segunda aplicación. Las preguntas con menor puntaje diferencial consideran contenidos integrados en asignaturas previas al curso, mientras que las preguntas con mayor puntaje diferencial estaban integradas por contenidos de aporte exclusivo de la asignatura. Los resultados cualitativos son claramente positivos en la percepción de aprendizaje, ayuda a identificar las fortalezas y debilidades individuales durante el proceso de aprender. Por otro lado, los invita a hacer evidente la metacognición, vale decir, cuestionarse el propio proceso de aprendizaje y lo difícil que son los procesos evaluativos en general. Las autoevaluaciones formativas con enfoque metacognitivo son positivas para el aprendizaje y se recomienda su incorporación en carreras de la salud. Es fundamental para el trabajo en el sistema de salud con la diversidad cultural de Chile que médicos desarrollen la competencia intercultural propiciada a través de la metacognición.