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5G mobile technology : A survey
(ICT Express, 2015) Mitra, Rupendra Nath; Agrawal, Dharma P.
Visible Light Communications towards 5G
(Radioengineering, 2015) Zvanovec, S.; Chvojka, P.; Haigh, P. A.; Ghassemlooy, Z.
Millimetre-Wave Backhaul for 5G Networks: Challenges and Solutions
(Sensors, 2016) Feng, Wei; Li, Yong; Jin, Depeng; Su, Li; Chen, Sheng
Reasoning and Knowledge Acquisition Framework for 5G Network Analytics
(Sensors, 2017) Sotelo Monge, Marco Antonio; Maestre Vidal, Jorge; García Villalba, Luis Javier
3GPP SA2 architecture and functions for 5G mobile communication system
(ICT Express, 2017) Kim, Junseok; Kim, Dongmyoung; Choi, Sunghyun
How 5G Wireless (and Concomitant Technologies) Will Revolutionize Healthcare?
(Future Internet, 2017) Latif, Siddique; Qadir, Junaid; Farooq, Shahzad; Imran, Muhammad Ali
"Cooperative localization in 5G networks&58"," A survey"
(ICT Express, 2017) Zhang, Ping; Lu, Jian; Wang, Yan; Wang, Qiao
Advanced Assistive Maintenance Based on Augmented Reality and 5G Networking
(Revista Cubana de Ciencias Informáticas, 2018) Verdecia Peña, Randy
Current market demand requires that mobile communication networks need an increase in their transmission rate, as well as, the quality of services. Due to this fact, researchers in the area are working on the technology they will use in the physical layer of the next generation of the 5G cellular network. The Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) system is one of the candidates for the physical layer of this technology. The objective of this research is to evaluate the performance of a selection of methods for the detection of the GFDM system in 5G. In this work, the GFDM system was described, as well as, the Zero Forcing, Matched Filter and Parallel Interference Cancellation methods. The performance curves resulting from applying the detection methods are presented for Gaussian and Fixed channels also they are compared with the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing system. As a result, for the two channels cases, the performance of the GFDM system for the Zero Forcing and Matched Filter detectors with Parallel Interference Cancellation have the same behavior as the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing system detected with Zero Forcing. It is concluded that the best detection method is the Matched Filter with Parallel Interference Cancellation because it has less computational complexity when it comes to recovering the signal sent by the transmitter. La demanda del mercado actual exige que las redes de comunicaciones m�viles necesiten un aumento de su tasa de transmisi�n, as� como, la calidad de los servicios. Debido a este hecho los investigadores del �rea trabajan sobre la tecnolog�a que utilizar�n en la capa f�sica de la siguiente generaci�n de la red celular 5G. El sistema de Multiplexaci�n por Divisi�n de Frecuencia Generalizada (GFDM) es una de las candidatas para la capa f�sicas de esta tecnolog�a. El objetivo de esta investigaci�n es evaluar el desempe�o de una selecci�n de m�todos para la detecci�n del sistema GFDM en 5G. En este trabajo fue descrito el sistema GFDM, as� como, los m�todos de detecci�n Zero Forcing, Filtro Casado y Cancelaci�n de Interferencia Paralela. Las curvas de desempe�os resultantes de aplicar los m�todos de detecci�n son presentadas para canal Gaussiano y Fijo adem�s son comparadas con el sistema Multiplexaci�n por Divisi�n de Frecuencias Ortogonales. Se tiene como resultado que, para los dos casos de canales, el desempe�o del sistema GFDM para los detectores Zero Forcing y Filtro Casado con Cancelaci�n Paralela de Interferencia, tienen el mismo comportamiento que el sistema Multiplexaci�n por Divisi�n de Frecuencias Ortogonales detectado con Zero Forcing. Se concluye que el mejor m�todo de detecci�n es el Filtro Casado con Cancelaci�n Paralela de Interferencia porque presenta menos complejidad computacional para la recuperaci�n de la se�al enviada por el transmisor.
Implementation of a Multi-Gbit/s and GFDM-based Optical-Wireless 5G Network
(Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications, 2018) Borges, R. M.; Marins, T. R. R.; Cunha, M. S. B.; Spadoti, D. H.; Mendes, L. L.; Cerqueira S. Jr, Arismar
"We report the implementation of an optical-wireless 5G network based on generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) and multi-Gbit/s communication. Dual-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator was employed, enabling simultaneously RF signals transport using two 5G candidate bands, namely: 26 GHz band for providing a femtocell with 2 Gbit/s throughput"," 700 MHz band for enabling rural access applying a supercell. A vector signal generator provides the broadband 26 GHz signal. The Brazilian GFDM-based 5G transceiver generates the lower-frequency signal, with the advantage of low out-of-band emission. An experimental digital performance analysis illustrates the suitability of the proposed solution to address 5G requirements."
The 5G Wave
(Marine Technology Society Journal, 2019) Halford, Steve
A System to improve the management of 5G and IoT Networks by determining the Mobile Position
(Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications, 2019) Rennó de M. Faria, Décio; A. dos Santos, Renan; Marconi G. Santos, Kenedy; Spadoti, Danilo H.
The interference in adjacent cells and the control of the boundaries have being vastly investigated since the conception of the first cell phone networks. A very large number of small cells are required for new 5G mobile networks, and therefore it is even more important to determine the correct mobile station positioning as well as the control boundaries. In order to minimize these problems, this paper proposes a simple and efficient system that improves the control of the Mobile Management Entity (MME) defined in the Release 8 of 3GPP. The system uses a tracking arrangement capable of determining the direction of the mobile station in the cell area. This information can be used to predict handover between adjacent nodes (changing of cell) minimizing a great problem, the high traffic in the backhaul network. In order to reach these goals, two or more receiver antennas are used as a Radio Direction Finder (RDF) and phase controlled directional antennas or massive multiple-input and multiple-output antennas pointing to different irradiation channels towards different directions. The theoretical section developed in this study was successfully confirmed by the experimental setup with results very closed to the developed formulation.
5G and intelligence medicine-how the next generation of wireless technology will reconstruct healthcare?
(Precision clinical medicine, 2019) Li, Dong
Despite intensive efforts, there are still enormous challenges in provision of healthcare services to the increasing aging population. Recent observations have raised concerns regarding the soaring costs of healthcare, the imbalance of medical resources, inefficient healthcare system administration, and inconvenient medical experiences. However, cutting-edge technologies are being developed to meet these challenges, including, but not limited to, Internet of Things (IoT), big data, artificial intelligence, and 5G wireless transmission technology to improve the patient experience and healthcare service quality, while cutting the total cost attributable to healthcare. This is not an unrealistic fantasy, as these emerging technologies are beginning to impact and reconstruct healthcare in subtle ways. Although the technologies mentioned above are integrated, in this review we take a brief look at cases focusing on the application of 5G wireless transmission technology in healthcare. We also highlight the potential pitfalls to availability of 5G technologies.
5G Wireless Communication and Health Effects-A Pragmatic Review Based on Available Studies Regarding 6 to 100 GHz
(International journal of environmental research and public health, 2019) Simkó, Myrtill; Mattsson, Mats-Olof
The introduction of the fifth generation (5G) of wireless communication will increase the number of high-frequency-powered base stations and other devices. The question is if such higher frequencies (in this review, 6-100 GHz, millimeter waves, MMW) can have a health impact. This review analyzed 94 relevant publications performing in vivo or in vitro investigations. Each study was characterized for: study type (in vivo, in vitro), biological material (species, cell type, etc.), biological endpoint, exposure (frequency, exposure duration, power density), results, and certain quality criteria. Eighty percent of the in vivo studies showed responses to exposure, while 58% of the in vitro studies demonstrated effects. The responses affected all biological endpoints studied. There was no consistent relationship between power density, exposure duration, or frequency, and exposure effects. The available studies do not provide adequate and sufficient information for a meaningful safety assessment, or for the question about non-thermal effects. There is a need for research regarding local heat developments on small surfaces, e.g., skin or the eye, and on any environmental impact. Our quality analysis shows that for future studies to be useful for safety assessment, design and implementation need to be significantly improved.
Evaluación De Desplazamientos En Edificios De Hormigón Armado Para El Funcionamiento De Antenas 5G En Chile
(Gaceta Técnica, 2020) Valdivia-Cortés, Felipe; Carvallo Walbaum, Jorge; Vielma Pérez, Juan Carlos
The imminent emergence of 5G networks in the Chilean telecommunications market has made it essential to anticipate the possible imbalances that these could r...
3.4/4.0 GHz Tunable Resonant Cavity in SIW Technology Using Metal Post and PIN Diode on a Low-Cost Biasing Network for 5G Applications
(Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications, 2020) Caleffo, Ricardo Caranicola; Correra, Fatima Salete
This paper presents a dual-band resonant cavity in Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technology to operate in the range from 3.3 GHz to 4.2 GHz, spectrum considered for the Fifth Generation (5G) network. The cavity was designed to operate at 3.4 GHz and 4.0 GHz. To achieve different states, a jumper and a PIN diode switch are considered as switching elements, connecting and disconnecting the bottom and the upper walls of the SIW resonant cavity through a metal post inserted inside its internal volume. A fitting equation is proposed to predict the maximum resonance frequency caused by the insertion of a single metal post inside the internal volume of the SIW resonant cavity and a new low-cost biasing network is designed on a thin dielectric substrate allocated on the upper wall of the SIW resonant cavity, using transmissions lines and a single capacitor, reducing the final cost and the insertion losses. Good agreement was observed among the fitting equation, computational electromagnetic simulations, and experimental results, validating the proposed methods.
Online Anomaly Detection System for Mobile Networks
(Sensors (Basel), 2020) Burgueño, J.; de-la-Bandera, I.; Mendoza, J.; Palacios, D.; Morillas, C.; Barco, R.
The arrival of the fifth generation (5G) standard has further accelerated the need for operators to improve the network capacity. With this purpose, mobile network topologies with smaller cells are currently being deployed to increase the frequency reuse. In this way, the number of nodes that collect performance data is being further risen, so the number of metrics to be managed and analyzed is being highly increased. Therefore, it is fundamental to have tools that automatically inform the network operator of the relevant information within the vast amount of metrics collected. The continuous monitoring of the performance indicators and the automatic detection of anomalies is especially important for network operators to prevent the network degradation and user complaints. Therefore, this paper proposes a methodology to detect and track anomalies in the mobile networks performance indicators online, i.e., in real time. The feasibility of this system was evaluated with several performance metrics and a real LTE Advanced dataset. In addition, it was also compared with the performances of other state-of-the-art anomaly detection systems.
5G-Enabled Autonomous Driving Demonstration with a V2X Scenario-in-the-Loop Approach
(Sensors (Basel), 2020) Szalay, Z.; Ficzere, D.; Tihanyi, V.; Magyar, F.; Soós, G.; Varga, P.
Autonomous vehicles are at the forefront of interest due to the expectations of changing transportation for the better. In order to make better decisions on the road, vehicles use information from various sources: their own sensors, messages arriving from surrounding vehicles and objects, as well as from centralized entities-including their own Digital Twin. Certain decisions require the information to arrive with low latency and some of this information (such as video) requires broadband communication. Furthermore, the vehicles can populate an area, so they can represent mass communication endpoints that still need low latency and massive broadband. The mobility of the vehicles obviously requires the complete coverage of the roads with reliable wireless communication technologies fulfilling the previously mentioned needs. The fifth generation of cellular mobile technologies, 5G, addresses these requirements. The current paper presents real-life scenarios-on the M86 highway and the ZalaZONE proving ground in Hungary-for the demonstration of vehicular communication with 5G support, where the cars exchange sensor and control information with each other, their environment, and their Digital Twins. The demonstrations were carried out through the Scenario-in-the-Loop (SciL) methodology, where some of the actionable triggers were not physically present around the vehicles, but sensed or simulated around their Digital Twin. The measurements around the demonstrations aim to reveal the feasibility of the 5G Non-Standalone Architecture for certain communication scenarios, and they mainly aim to reveal the current latency and throughput limitations under real-life conditions.
Design and Experimental Analysis of Multiband Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for 5G and Sub-6 GHz Wireless Communication
(Micromachines (Basel), 2020) Dildar, H.; Althobiani, F.; Ahmad, I.; Khan, W. U. R.; Ullah, S.; Mufti, N.; Muhammad, F.; Irfan, M.; Glowacz, A.
A low-profile frequency reconfigurable monopole antenna operating in the microwave frequency band is presented in this paper. The proposed structure is printed on Flame Retardant-4 (FR-4) substrate having relative permittivity of 4.3 and tangent loss of 0.025. Four pin diode switches are inserted between radiating patches for switching the various operating modes of an antenna. The proposed antenna operates in five modes, covering nine different bands by operating at single bands of 5 and 3.5 GHz in Mode 1 and Mode 2, dual bands (i.e., 2.6 and 6.5 GHz, 2.1 and 5.6 GHz) in Mode 3 and 4 and triple bands in Mode 5 (i.e., 1.8, 4.8, and 6.4 GHz). The Voltage Standing Waves Ratio (VSWR) of the presented antenna is less than 1.5 for all the operating bands. The efficiency of the designed antenna is 84 % and gain ranges from 1.2 to 3.6 dBi, respectively, at corresponding resonant frequencies. The achieve bandwidths at respective frequencies ranges from 10.5 to 28%. The proposed structure is modeled in Computer Simulation Technology microwave studio (CST MWS) and the simulated results are experimentally validated. Due to its reasonably small size and support for multiple wireless standards, the proposed antenna can be used in modern handheld fifth generation (5G) devices as well as Internet of Things (IoT) enabled systems in smart cities.
Deep Learning-Based Cell-Level and Beam-Level Mobility Management System
(Sensors (Basel), 2020) Klus, R.; Klus, L.; Solomitckii, D.; Talvitie, J.; Valkama, M.
The deployment with beamforming-capable base stations in 5G New Radio (NR) requires an efficient mobility management system to reliably operate with minimum effort and interruption. In this work, we propose two artificial neural network models to optimize the cell-level and beam-level mobility management. Both models consist of convolutional, as well as dense, layer blocks. Based on current and past received power measurements, as well as positioning information, they choose the optimum serving cell and serving beam, respectively. The obtained results show that the proposed cell-level mobility model is able to sustain a strong serving cell and reduce the number of handovers by up to 94.4% compared to the benchmark solution when the uncertainty (representing shadowing, interference, etc.) is introduced to the received signal strength measurements. The proposed beam-level mobility management model is able to proactively choose and sustain the strongest serving beam, even when high uncertainty is introduced to the measurements.
Desempeño de los métodos de detección de señales con modulación QPSK en sistema GFDM para 5G
(Sensors (Basel), 2020) Verde, S.; Marcon, M.; Milani, S.; Tubaro, S.
Internet of Things (IoT) applications play a relevant role in today's industry in sharing diagnostic data with off-site service teams, as well as in enabling reliable predictive maintenance systems. Several interventions scenarios, however, require the physical presence of a human operator: Augmented Reality (AR), together with a broad-band connection, represents a major opportunity to integrate diagnostic data with real-time in-situ acquisitions. Diagnostic information can be shared with remote specialists that are able to monitor and guide maintenance operations from a control room as if they were in place. Furthermore, integrating heterogeneous sensors with AR visualization displays could largely improve operators' safety in complex and dangerous industrial plants. In this paper, we present a complete setup for a remote assistive maintenance intervention based on 5G networking and tested at a Vodafone Base Transceiver Station (BTS) within the Vodafone 5G Program. Technicians' safety was improved by means of a lightweight AR Head-Mounted Display (HDM) equipped with a thermal camera and a depth sensor to foresee possible collisions with hot surfaces and dangerous objects, by leveraging the processing power of remote computing paired with the low latency of 5G connection. Field testing confirmed that the proposed approach can be a viable solution for egocentric environment understanding and enables an immersive integration of the obtained augmented data within the real scene.

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