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3.4/4.0 GHz Tunable Resonant Cavity in SIW Technology Using Metal Post and PIN Diode on a Low-Cost Biasing Network for 5G Applications
(Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications, 2020) Caleffo, Ricardo Caranicola; Correra, Fatima Salete
This paper presents a dual-band resonant cavity in Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technology to operate in the range from 3.3 GHz to 4.2 GHz, spectrum considered for the Fifth Generation (5G) network. The cavity was designed to operate at 3.4 GHz and 4.0 GHz. To achieve different states, a jumper and a PIN diode switch are considered as switching elements, connecting and disconnecting the bottom and the upper walls of the SIW resonant cavity through a metal post inserted inside its internal volume. A fitting equation is proposed to predict the maximum resonance frequency caused by the insertion of a single metal post inside the internal volume of the SIW resonant cavity and a new low-cost biasing network is designed on a thin dielectric substrate allocated on the upper wall of the SIW resonant cavity, using transmissions lines and a single capacitor, reducing the final cost and the insertion losses. Good agreement was observed among the fitting equation, computational electromagnetic simulations, and experimental results, validating the proposed methods.
3GPP SA2 architecture and functions for 5G mobile communication system
(ICT Express, 2017) Kim, Junseok; Kim, Dongmyoung; Choi, Sunghyun
5G and human health
(J buon, 2021) Theodorou, K.; Tyrakis, C.; Softa, V.; Kappas, C.
5G and intelligence medicine-how the next generation of wireless technology will reconstruct healthcare?
(Precision clinical medicine, 2019) Li, Dong
Despite intensive efforts, there are still enormous challenges in provision of healthcare services to the increasing aging population. Recent observations have raised concerns regarding the soaring costs of healthcare, the imbalance of medical resources, inefficient healthcare system administration, and inconvenient medical experiences. However, cutting-edge technologies are being developed to meet these challenges, including, but not limited to, Internet of Things (IoT), big data, artificial intelligence, and 5G wireless transmission technology to improve the patient experience and healthcare service quality, while cutting the total cost attributable to healthcare. This is not an unrealistic fantasy, as these emerging technologies are beginning to impact and reconstruct healthcare in subtle ways. Although the technologies mentioned above are integrated, in this review we take a brief look at cases focusing on the application of 5G wireless transmission technology in healthcare. We also highlight the potential pitfalls to availability of 5G technologies.
5G and IoT Based Reporting and Accident Detection (RAD) System to Deliver First Aid Box Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
(Sensors (Basel), 2021) Alkinani, M. H.; Almazroi, A. A.; Jhanjhi, N. Z.; Khan, N. A.
Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G are enabling intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). ITSs promise to improve road safety in smart cities. Therefore, ITSs are gaining earnest devotion in the industry as well as in academics. Due to the rapid increase in population, vehicle numbers are increasing, resulting in a large number of road accidents. The majority of the time, casualties are not appropriately discovered and reported to hospitals and relatives. This lack of rapid care and first aid might result in life loss in a matter of minutes. To address all of these challenges, an intelligent system is necessary. Although several information communication technologies (ICT)-based solutions for accident detection and rescue operations have been proposed, these solutions are not compatible with all vehicles and are also costly. Therefore, we proposed a reporting and accident detection system (RAD) for a smart city that is compatible with any vehicle and less expensive. Our strategy aims to improve the transportation system at a low cost. In this context, we developed an android application that collects data related to sound, gravitational force, pressure, speed, and location of the accident from the smartphone. The value of speed helps to improve the accident detection accuracy. The collected information is further processed for accident identification. Additionally, a navigation system is designed to inform the relatives, police station, and the nearest hospital. The hospital dispatches UAV (i.e., drone with first aid box) and ambulance to the accident spot. The actual dataset from the Road Safety Open Repository is used for results generation through simulation. The proposed scheme shows promising results in terms of accuracy and response time as compared to existing techniques.
5G as a wireless power grid
(Sci Rep, 2021) Eid, A.; Hester, J. G. D.; Tentzeris, M. M.
5G has been designed for blazing fast and low-latency communications. To do so, mm-wave frequencies were adopted and allowed unprecedently high radiated power densities by the FCC. Unknowingly, the architects of 5G have, thereby, created a wireless power grid capable of powering devices at ranges far exceeding the capabilities of any existing technologies. However, this potential could only be realized if a fundamental trade-off in wireless energy harvesting could be circumvented. Here, we propose a solution that breaks the usual paradigm, imprisoned in the trade-off between rectenna angular coverage and turn-on sensitivity. The concept relies on the implementation of a Rotman lens between the antennas and the rectifiers. The printed, flexible mm-wave lens allows robust and bending-resilient operation over more than 20 GHz of gain and angular bandwidths. Antenna sub-arrays, rectifiers and DC combiners are then added to the structure to demonstrate its combination of large angular coverage and turn-on sensitivity-in both planar and bent conditions-and a harvesting ability up to a distance of 2.83 m in its current configuration and exceeding 180 m using state-of-the-art rectifiers enabling the harvesting of several ?W of DC power (around 6 ?W at 180 m with 75 dBm EIRP).
5G Edge Computing Enabled Directional Data Collection for Medical Community Electronic Health Records
(J Healthc Eng, 2021) Yan, X.; Ren, X.
It is important to promote the development and application of hospital information system, community health service system, etc. However, it is difficult to realize the intercommunication between various information systems because it is not enough to realize the in-depth management of health information. To address these issues, we design the 5G edge computing-assisted architecture for medical community. Then, we formulate the directional data collection (DDC) problem to gather the EMR/HER data from the medical community to minimize the service error under the deadline constraint of data collection deadline. Moreover, we design the data direction prediction algorithm (DDPA) to predict the data collection direction and propose the data collection planning algorithm (DCPA) to minimize the data collecting time cost. Through the numerical simulation experiments, we demonstrate that our proposed algorithms can decrease the total time cost by 62.48% and improve the data quality by 36.47% through the designed system, respectively.
5G mobile networks and health-a state-of-the-science review of the research into low-level RF fields above 6 GHz
(J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol, 2021) Karipidis, K.; Mate, R.; Urban, D.; Tinker, R.; Wood, A.
The increased use of radiofrequency (RF) fields above 6 GHz, particularly for the 5 G mobile phone network, has given rise to public concern about any possible adverse effects to human health. Public exposure to RF fields from 5 G and other sources is below the human exposure limits specified by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). This state-of-the science review examined the research into the biological and health effects of RF fields above 6 GHz at exposure levels below the ICNIRP occupational limits. The review included 107 experimental studies that investigated various bioeffects including genotoxicity, cell proliferation, gene expression, cell signalling, membrane function and other effects. Reported bioeffects were generally not independently replicated and the majority of the studies employed low quality methods of exposure assessment and control. Effects due to heating from high RF energy deposition cannot be excluded from many of the results. The review also included 31 epidemiological studies that investigated exposure to radar, which uses RF fields above 6 GHz similar to 5 G. The epidemiological studies showed little evidence of health effects including cancer at different sites, effects on reproduction and other diseases. This review showed no confirmed evidence that low-level RF fields above 6 GHz such as those used by the 5 G network are hazardous to human health. Future experimental studies should improve the experimental design with particular attention to dosimetry and temperature control. Future epidemiological studies should continue to monitor long-term health effects in the population related to wireless telecommunications.
5G mobile technology : A survey
(ICT Express, 2015) Mitra, Rupendra Nath; Agrawal, Dharma P.
5G para industrias digitales
(Revista ABB, 2021) Schulz, Dirk
Información del artículo 5G para industrias digitales
5G Security Threat Assessment in Real Networks
(Sensors (Basel), 2021) Park, S.; Kim, D.; Park, Y.; Cho, H.; Kwon, S.
Advances in mobile communication networks from 2G to 5G have brought unprecedented traffic growth, and 5G mobile communication networks are expected to be used in a variety of industries based on innovative technologies, fast not only in terms of extremely low latency but massive access devices. Various types of services, such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communication (mMTC), and ultra-reliable and low latency communication (uRLLC), represent an increase in the number of attacks on users' personal information, confidential information, and privacy information. Therefore, security assessments are essential to verify and cope with these various attacks. In this research, we (1) looked at 5G mobile communication network backgrounds and problems to investigate existing vulnerabilities and (2) assessed the current situation through evaluation of 5G security threats in real-world mobile networks in service.
The 5G Wave
(Marine Technology Society Journal, 2019) Halford, Steve
5G Wireless Communication and Health Effects-A Pragmatic Review Based on Available Studies Regarding 6 to 100 GHz
(International journal of environmental research and public health, 2019) Simkó, Myrtill; Mattsson, Mats-Olof
The introduction of the fifth generation (5G) of wireless communication will increase the number of high-frequency-powered base stations and other devices. The question is if such higher frequencies (in this review, 6-100 GHz, millimeter waves, MMW) can have a health impact. This review analyzed 94 relevant publications performing in vivo or in vitro investigations. Each study was characterized for: study type (in vivo, in vitro), biological material (species, cell type, etc.), biological endpoint, exposure (frequency, exposure duration, power density), results, and certain quality criteria. Eighty percent of the in vivo studies showed responses to exposure, while 58% of the in vitro studies demonstrated effects. The responses affected all biological endpoints studied. There was no consistent relationship between power density, exposure duration, or frequency, and exposure effects. The available studies do not provide adequate and sufficient information for a meaningful safety assessment, or for the question about non-thermal effects. There is a need for research regarding local heat developments on small surfaces, e.g., skin or the eye, and on any environmental impact. Our quality analysis shows that for future studies to be useful for safety assessment, design and implementation need to be significantly improved.
5G-Enabled Autonomous Driving Demonstration with a V2X Scenario-in-the-Loop Approach
(Sensors (Basel), 2020) Szalay, Z.; Ficzere, D.; Tihanyi, V.; Magyar, F.; Soós, G.; Varga, P.
Autonomous vehicles are at the forefront of interest due to the expectations of changing transportation for the better. In order to make better decisions on the road, vehicles use information from various sources: their own sensors, messages arriving from surrounding vehicles and objects, as well as from centralized entities-including their own Digital Twin. Certain decisions require the information to arrive with low latency and some of this information (such as video) requires broadband communication. Furthermore, the vehicles can populate an area, so they can represent mass communication endpoints that still need low latency and massive broadband. The mobility of the vehicles obviously requires the complete coverage of the roads with reliable wireless communication technologies fulfilling the previously mentioned needs. The fifth generation of cellular mobile technologies, 5G, addresses these requirements. The current paper presents real-life scenarios-on the M86 highway and the ZalaZONE proving ground in Hungary-for the demonstration of vehicular communication with 5G support, where the cars exchange sensor and control information with each other, their environment, and their Digital Twins. The demonstrations were carried out through the Scenario-in-the-Loop (SciL) methodology, where some of the actionable triggers were not physically present around the vehicles, but sensed or simulated around their Digital Twin. The measurements around the demonstrations aim to reveal the feasibility of the 5G Non-Standalone Architecture for certain communication scenarios, and they mainly aim to reveal the current latency and throughput limitations under real-life conditions.
A 5G-powered robot-assisted teleultrasound diagnostic system in an intensive care unit
(Crit Care, 2021) Duan, S.; Liu, L.; Chen, Y.; Yang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, S.; Hao, L.; Zhang, L.
"BACKGROUND: Teleultrasound provides an effective solution to problems that arise from limited medical resources, a lack of local expertise, and scenarios where the risk of infection is high. This study aims to explore the feasibility of the application of a 5G-powered robot-assisted teleultrasound diagnostic system in an intensive care unit. METHODS: In this study, the robot-assisted teleultrasound diagnostic system MGIUS-R3 was used. Using 5G network technology, the doctor manipulates the robotic arm to perform teleultrasound examination. The doctor can adjust parameters via the teleultrasound control panel, and real-time transmission of audio, video and ultrasound images can facilitate simultaneous communication between both parties. All patients underwent robot-assisted teleultrasound examination and bedside ultrasound examination of the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidney, as well as assessment for pleural effusion and abdominal effusion. We evaluated the feasibility of the application of the robot-assisted teleultrasound diagnosis system in the intensive care unit in terms of consultation duration, image quality, and safety. We also compared diagnostic consistency and differences. RESULTS: Apart from one patient who was excluded due to severe intestinal gas interference and poor image quality, a total of 32 patients were included in this study. Every patient completed all relevant examinations. Among them, 20 patients were male"," 12 were female. The average age of the patients was 61 � 20 years. The average duration of teleultrasound diagnosis was 17 � 7 min. Of the 32 patients, 26 had positive results, 6 had negative results, and 5 had inconsistent diagnoses. The overall diagnostic results were basically the same, and there were no differences in diagnostic levels between the two. The overall average image quality score was 4.73 points, which represented a high-quality image. After robot-assisted teleultrasound examination, no significant changes were observed in the vital signs of patients as compared to before examination, and no examination-related complications were found. CONCLUSION: The 5G-powered robot-assisted teleultrasound diagnostic system was associated with the benefits of clear images, simple operation, relatively high levels of consistency in terms of diagnostic results, higher levels of safety, and has considerable application value in the intensive care unit."
Advanced Assistive Maintenance Based on Augmented Reality and 5G Networking
(Revista Cubana de Ciencias Informáticas, 2018) Verdecia Peña, Randy
Current market demand requires that mobile communication networks need an increase in their transmission rate, as well as, the quality of services. Due to this fact, researchers in the area are working on the technology they will use in the physical layer of the next generation of the 5G cellular network. The Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) system is one of the candidates for the physical layer of this technology. The objective of this research is to evaluate the performance of a selection of methods for the detection of the GFDM system in 5G. In this work, the GFDM system was described, as well as, the Zero Forcing, Matched Filter and Parallel Interference Cancellation methods. The performance curves resulting from applying the detection methods are presented for Gaussian and Fixed channels also they are compared with the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing system. As a result, for the two channels cases, the performance of the GFDM system for the Zero Forcing and Matched Filter detectors with Parallel Interference Cancellation have the same behavior as the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing system detected with Zero Forcing. It is concluded that the best detection method is the Matched Filter with Parallel Interference Cancellation because it has less computational complexity when it comes to recovering the signal sent by the transmitter. La demanda del mercado actual exige que las redes de comunicaciones m�viles necesiten un aumento de su tasa de transmisi�n, as� como, la calidad de los servicios. Debido a este hecho los investigadores del �rea trabajan sobre la tecnolog�a que utilizar�n en la capa f�sica de la siguiente generaci�n de la red celular 5G. El sistema de Multiplexaci�n por Divisi�n de Frecuencia Generalizada (GFDM) es una de las candidatas para la capa f�sicas de esta tecnolog�a. El objetivo de esta investigaci�n es evaluar el desempe�o de una selecci�n de m�todos para la detecci�n del sistema GFDM en 5G. En este trabajo fue descrito el sistema GFDM, as� como, los m�todos de detecci�n Zero Forcing, Filtro Casado y Cancelaci�n de Interferencia Paralela. Las curvas de desempe�os resultantes de aplicar los m�todos de detecci�n son presentadas para canal Gaussiano y Fijo adem�s son comparadas con el sistema Multiplexaci�n por Divisi�n de Frecuencias Ortogonales. Se tiene como resultado que, para los dos casos de canales, el desempe�o del sistema GFDM para los detectores Zero Forcing y Filtro Casado con Cancelaci�n Paralela de Interferencia, tienen el mismo comportamiento que el sistema Multiplexaci�n por Divisi�n de Frecuencias Ortogonales detectado con Zero Forcing. Se concluye que el mejor m�todo de detecci�n es el Filtro Casado con Cancelaci�n Paralela de Interferencia porque presenta menos complejidad computacional para la recuperaci�n de la se�al enviada por el transmisor.
Análisis del impacto del intervalo de tiempo de transmisión sobre la latencia en la red de acceso radio de sistemas 5G.
(Científica, 2020) Castro-Delgado, Andrés; Quintero-Flórez, Víctor
Los Sistemas de Comunicaciones Móviles de Quinta Generación (5G, Fifth Generation) soportarán servicios de Comunicación Ultra Confiable de Baja Latencia
Application of 5G Technology to Conduct Real-Time Teleretinal Laser Photocoagulation for the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy
(JAMA Ophthalmol, 2021) Chen, H.; Pan, X.; Yang, J.; Fan, J.; Qin, M.; Sun, H.; Liu, J.; Li, N.; Ting, D. S. W.; Chen, Y.
IMPORTANCE: Interest in teleophthalmology has been growing, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. The advent of fifth-generation (5G) wireless systems has the potential to revolutionize teleophthalmology, but these systems have not previously been leveraged to conduct therapeutic telemedicine in the ophthalmology field. OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of 5G real-time laser photocoagulation as a telemedicine-based treatment for diabetic retinopathy (DR). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a prospective study involving a retinal specialist from the Peking Union Medical College Hospital in Beijing, China, who performed online 5G real-time navigated retinal laser photocoagulation to treat participants with proliferative or severe nonproliferative DR who had been recruited in the Huzhou First People's Hospital in Zhejiang Province, China, located 1200 km from Beijing from October 2019 to July 2020. INTERVENTIONS: These teleretinal DR and laser management procedures were conducted using a teleophthalmology platform that used the videoconference platform for teleconsultation, after which telelaser planning and intervention were conducted with a laser system and a platform for remote computer control, which were connected via 5G networks. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Diabetic eye prognosis and the real-time laser therapy transmission speed were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 6 participants (9 eyes) were included. Six eyes were treated via panretinal photocoagulation alone, while 1 eye underwent focal/grid photocoagulation and 2 eyes underwent both panretinal photocoagulation and focal/grid photocoagulation. The mean (SD) age was 53.7 (13.6) years (range, 32-67 years). The mean (SD) duration of diabetes was 14.3 (6.4) years (range, 3-20 years). The mean (SD) logMAR at baseline was 0.32 (0.20) (20/30 Snellen equivalent). Retinal telephotocoagulation operations were performed on all eyes without any noticeable delay during treatment. The mean (SD) number of panretinal photocoagulation laser spots per eye in 1 session was 913 (243). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study introduces a novel teleophthalmology paradigm to treat DR at a distance. Applying novel technologies may continue to ensure that remote patients with DR and other conditions have access to essential health care. Further studies will be needed to compare this approach with the current standard of care to determine whether visual acuity or safety outcomes differ.
Channel state information estimation for 5G wireless communication systems: recurrent neural networks approach
(PeerJ Comput Sci, 2021) Essai Ali, M. H.; Taha, I. B. M.
In this study, a deep learning bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) recurrent neural network-based channel state information estimator is proposed for 5G orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems. The proposed estimator is a pilot-dependent estimator and follows the online learning approach in the training phase and the offline approach in the practical implementation phase. The estimator does not deal with complete a priori certainty for channels' statistics and attains superior performance in the presence of a limited number of pilots. A comparative study is conducted using three classification layers that use loss functions: mean absolute error, cross entropy function for kth mutually exclusive classes and sum of squared of the errors. The Adam, RMSProp, SGdm, and Adadelat optimisation algorithms are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed estimator using each classification layer. In terms of symbol error rate and accuracy metrics, the proposed estimator outperforms long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network-based channel state information, least squares and minimum mean square error estimators under different simulation conditions. The computational and training time complexities for deep learning BiLSTM- and LSTM-based estimators are provided. Given that the proposed estimator relies on the deep learning neural network approach, where it can analyse massive data, recognise statistical dependencies and characteristics, develop relationships between features and generalise the accrued knowledge for new datasets that it has not seen before, the approach is promising for any 5G and beyond communication system.
Chemical polarization effects of electromagnetic field radiation from the novel 5G network deployment at ultra high frequency
(Health Technol (Berl), 2021) Matthew, U. O.; Kazaure, J. S.
The wide-spectrum of non-ionizing, non-visible radiation emitted from the novel 5G network deployment was investigated and found liable to produce effects capable of heating up and altering human body nomenclature. The Ultra-high frequency magnetic fields, induced circulation of currents in the surrounding human body when potentially exposed. The quantum of these electromagnetic charges is influenced by the magnitude of the external magnetic field. The Magnetic fields warming is the major organic consequence of the electromagnetic fields radiofrequency radiation emitted from 5G network installation especially at a very high frequencies. From the current research, the levels of electromagnetic fields to which individuals are naturally unmasked under 4G network and 5G network technology in SCENARIO1, SCENARIO 2 and SCENARIO 3 are very negligible to alter human body dipolar chemistry. On the several findings of the research, deploying 5G network technology under the ultra-high frequency above 20 GHz will produce effect that will heat up the human body tissues due to electromagnetic field inducement since human body is dipolar in nature. The research established that while the current digital society will continue investment into 5G network technology, caution must be applied not to deploy 5G network under ultra-high frequency above 20 GHz due to its adverse health effects.

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